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Sales promotion is not restricted to the stimulation of demand at the consumer level. It may be used to gain middlemen's support AS well.

The role of such authorised intermediaries is at the heart of the report issued by Muddy Waters in June.

One of the broker's staffers told TIME that the company organized 30 to 50 operations a year.

In a pull strategy, the manufacture uses advertising and promotion to induce consumers to ask intermediaries for the product.

For resales, resellers are sensitive to the cost, namely the price of reseller market, whose change will cause that of the demand.

A second category of services includes those that cut out the middleman, or at least keep tabs on him.

When supplies are short, Apple gives first preference to its own outlets, where it doesn't have to share profits with a middleman.

North Korean middlemen, whose savings were confiscated during the redenomination of the currency, have been forced out of business.

But I don't think our end users will accept your goods at such a high price. We hope you can appreciate the position of us middle men.